In Copenhagen Accord November 2009, developed countries promised to transfer US $ 30 billion in fast-start finance to developing countries over three years (2010-2012) for immediate climate action.

Protesters gathering in democracy square with variety of currencies in hand.

In order to know how these financial flows are managed and guided well, the prerequisite to make progress toward a comprehensive, fair and effective post-Kyoto Agreement global climate deal should be satisfied/present well. Furthermore, the trust and commitment between developing and developed countries in the ongoing UN climate negotiators are really important.

Where public funding for climate change is used, national governments and global funding entities (receiving contributions from developed countries) are obligated to administer public funds in a way that is both transparent and accountable.

Accountability furthermore suggests that broad stakeholder participation and representation should be ensured in the administration of climate funding on the principle of equity.

A transparent administration of public climate funding requires publicly available, accurate and timely information on a mechanism’s funding structure, its financial data, the structure of its board, its decision-making process as well as actual funding decision made.

Where is the Global Climate Fund?

Not only nation states that should be included into the fund management and decision-making structure but also a broad group of stakeholders such as civil society and climate change affected group and community in the recipient countries.

A guiding framework for climate finance is also including a human right perspective while the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC) is not formally addressed. Some climate finance investments have at best a dubious benefit for the climate and may harm sustainable development objectives as well as violate human right. Public funding for climate change should avoid such investments. Areas of special concern include investments with focus on traditional fossil fuel exploration, large hydro dams or nuclear power generation.

Supporting vulnerable groups should be prioritized by making capacity building, technologies and funding resources available especially for them. Women and men due to largely gender roles and respective rights (or lack thereof) have differing vulnerabilities to climate change as well as differentiated capabilities to mitigate emissions, adapt to and scope with climate change impacts.

National Climate Change Network and other 52 members gathering in democracy square.

The Rio Declaration: Principle 15–the precautionary approach, has been shown that the absence of full scientific certainty on necessary adaption and mitigation action should not be used as a reason to postpone or delay funding for possible climate action now.
Beside determining the quantity of climate funding, applying the polluter pays principle will define a legal obligation for compensatory finance, distinctly from aid flow. Climate financial funding should be additional to existing official development assistance (ODA) commitment and other pre-existing flow from developing countries to avoid the diversion of funding for development needs to climate change action. And climate funding should not place extra development burden on the recipient countries.

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With the same religion, the same skin, and mostly the same culture, eight contemporary artists from two ASEAN nations, Cambodia and Burma, bring their artwork together for the first time in an exhibition at Meta House gallery downstairs for 27 days, 14 June to 10 July. This exhibition is sponsored by Heinrich Boell Foundation.

Htoo Aung Kyaw is painting his artwork,Patch Work, for "Burmese-Cambodian Exhibition" in Phnom Penh. Photo: CHIM Linna

With darker skin and a gentler face than his colleagues, Burmese, Htoo Aung Kyaw, 33, has brought his artwork named “Patch Work”, includes two photos reflecting  the similarities between his nation and Cambodia in terms of culture and traditions.

Speaking in heavily accented English, Htoo Aung Kyaw said “I use the similarity of Buddha image and Angkor image, Cambodia and Burmese belief the same religion, and I want to show the connection between two countries to the visitors.”

Bringing an installation with branches, roots and leaves, paper birds, bricks, netting and handmade rattan pieces, light chain, sand and acrylic for the exhibition in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, Phyu Mon, 50, is one of two female artists from Burma working in multimedia and performance art in this exhibition.

With her installation entitled “Song from the Nature”, she said nature is always singing to us but we barely give back to her in return for what we get. She added that there are many natural disasters; that’s why many artists have paid much attention to environmental concepts.

Phyu Mon is installing her artwork, song from the nature, with branches, paper birds and bricks. Photo: CHIM Linna

Aung Naing Soe, 26, an artist from Yangon, created a video installation called “Life” from ice blocks.

“Life is very interesting, life is melting and life the same as ice,” he said. “Life is just melting ice and melting every second.”

Ma Ei, 33, who comes from Yangon, is sitting down, leaning on the Meta House’s wall during the preparation day, just one day before the art exhibition’s opening

“With no reason, I want to be nothing else, only an artist,” Ma Ei said. “I think I was born to be an artist.”

For the exhibition, she has the frame inside the canvas. However she did not expect all the participants to understand her artwork, only the understanding of a few visitors is enough to make her happy.

“Ordinarily the frame is for the canvas. Therefore, I like to change this position. I mean that in the social, men and women, men are always comforting from family,” she said. “Men are the main subject. So I want to change that because the role of women is also important in society.”

Yim Maline, 29, who is one of three Cambodian artists, presents her artwork with contrasting materials—soft white cotton and the sharpest nail.

Yim Maline is concentrating to install her artwork with contrasting materials. Photo: CHIM Linna

“I want the audience to use their feeling and heart to see the pictures, and I do not expect all the viewers judge this picture with the same meaning,” says Yim Maline.

Cambodian artist Khvay Samnang, 29, who has a Bachelor of Art from the Royal University of Fine Arts in Phnom Penh, shows a video installation lasting for 20 minutes about Samnang Cow Taxi, Phnom Penh. Meas Sokhom, 34, wrapped wire around a second-hand wheel-char and rice pot for his sculpture while Tes Vanna, 29, did an installation with wood, glass, mirror, metal wire, an oil lamp and gold leaf.

“I would stand in front of the mirror, so I could see my past and my present life,” says Vanna.

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The following is an interview with young Cambodian students aged from 19 to 23. They were asked their views on International Women’s Day in an exploration of Cambodians’ understanding of the day’s meaning.

International Women’s Day is a public holiday in Cambodia.We asked ten students “What does International Women’s Day mean to you?”

Huy Laline, 21, Year 4, Accounting Department

“8 March is really important for females as it is celebrated for promoting gender equality in society. I am really proud to have this day for all women.”

Lun Kuncheat, 22, Year 3, Finance & Banking Department

“I think that this 8 March Day is celebrated to show that men and women are equal to work in any sector. And I do support equal rights for men and women because men are not always stronger than women.”

Song Sophearak, 20, Year 1,English Literature Department

“8 March is a day on which the Cambodian government gives women the rights to be equal with men as they are able to work the same as men even as a construction worker or civil servant.”

Sam Vannak, 20, Year I, Khmer Literature Department

“I feel very special on this 8 March Day because I feel that my right is promoted.  Women and men’s rights are equal, but the most interesting thing is that women’s rights have one day of celebration and men have not.”

Hem Sambath, 23, Year 4, Management Department

“I think this 8 March was created for giving value to women and they are also considered like mother of the world.”

Touch Rotha, 20, Year 3, Finance & Banking Department

“I think that the International Women’s Rights Day has meaning to all women because that day reflects that women have the right to participate in any kind of work and  that some women still face a difficult life.  Therefore this day is celebrated for encouraging all women to struggle against obstacles in their daily life.”

Cheng Sokheng, 19, Year 1, Marketing Department

“The 8 March is just the representative day for women; I think that the most important aspect is that women and men have equal rights in everyday life. The way we promote women’ s rights to be equal with men is a right decision.”

Mom Sokoun, 20, Year 1, Khmer Literature Department

“I think that this 8 March is very important for female as in the past, the women’s rights had not been promoted, but now it is promoted hence female and male’s rights are equal.”

Sorn Sabros, 21, Year 1, Management Department

“I think that this 8 March is really good for all women in the whole country and it also promotes the women in this country as well as around the world to be equal with men.  This 8 March is created for women to show off their braveness and their own talents.”

Sok Chatha, 20, Year 1, Khmer Literature Department

“I think that this day is really important because it is celebrated to give one special day to women and not to men.”

The International Women’s Day which originally was called International Working Women’s Day is celebrated annually on March 8. The Socialist International, meeting in Copenhagen, established this day, international in character, to honor the movement for women’s rights in 1910. In 1911, this day was celebrated in Austria, Denmark, Germany and Switzerland. Since then many countries have joined. This year marks its 100th anniversary.  It is a day on which women are recognized for their achievements beyond national boundaries and ethnic, linguistic, cultural, economic and political differences.

Cambodia also joins this event and has made this day a public holiday. Women’s rights are recognized in the National Constitution. The article No. 35 states that “Both Cambodian sexes have their rights to participate in political, economic, social and cultural activities of the Nation”.

Flower is one of other gifts for woman during 8 March day in some countries

On International Women’s Day, some Cambodian people have dinner at a restaurant together or they visit a resort in Cambodia while others just stay at home and have fun with their family.

In some families, husbands cook or wash dishes on this day although they are busy with other tasks. They just keep their loved ones free from any work because they consider that day a special day for women, especially their beloved wives.

“I am going to buy gift and bring her [wife] outside for dinner,” Mr. Choun Thou, a TV presenter said.

For some Cambodians, the International Women’s Day is just a holiday they want to spend with their family without social or political meaning.

“I just wish to have a warm dinner with family but my dad is abroad curing illness and mom accompanies him. When I’m in Phnom Penh alone, there is no fun,” Mr. Kim Sung Vibol, an active social network user said. “I sadly see other people and families stay, eat and laugh together, they’re so happy.”

Even though the 8 March Day is a global occasion, it is celebrated slightly different in every country. In Russia, all men will buy flowers, send text messages with good wishes to their partner and female friends or give the wishes to them directly during this day. In Italy, International Women’s Day is called Festa della Donna and men usually give the traditional gift of a yellow mimosa bouquet, a very popular flower that has a fresh blend of orange and green or yellow blossoms, to women.

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The martial art of Bokator was created more than 1000 years ago, even before the Angkorian period, and it has approximately 8000 to 10000 techniques. But in this day and age, most Cambodian people know almost nothing about this great martial art, others do not even believe that we have a martial art of our own.

Therefore a question mark immediately appears. The Khmer martial art Bokator contains a comprehensive list of techniques and styles, at least as many as the Chinese martial art Kung Fu, yet the majority of Cambodians know nothing of this fearsome art. Why is a complete system of fighting less famous than the simplified sport of Kun Khmer, traditional Khmer kick boxing?

The ancient Khmer martial arts are very important as they are a reflection of what was achieved in the past, how one people can survive without modern weapons such as missiles, explosives or even guns and yet still build an empire that had as its capital the largest pre-industrial city in the world.

កម្មវិធី​ស្ត្រី​នៃ​អង្គការ​វិទ្យាស្ថាន​បើក​ទូលាយ​ សូម​គោរព​អញ្ជើញ​ លោក​អ្នក​ ចូល​រួម​ក្នុង​យុទ្ធនាការ​​​​ ១៦​ថ្ងៃ ដែល ​ប្រព្រឹត្តិ​ទៅ​ចាប់​ពី​ថ្ងៃ​ទី​២៥ ខែ​វិច្ឆិកា រហូត​ដល់​ថ្ងៃ​ទី១០ ខែ​ធ្នូ ក្រោម​ប្រធាន​បទ «ប្រើ​ ICTដើម្បី​បញ្ចប់​អំពើ​ហិង្សា​លើ​ស្ត្រី» ឬ «Take Back The Tech​ »​​​​។ ដើម្បី​ឲ្យ​យុទ្ធនាការ​នេះ​មាន​កម្លាំង​កាន់​តែ​ខ្លាំង និង​មាន​លក្ខណៈ​សាមគ្គី​​ភាព​ខ្ពស់​​ ក្នុង​ការ​លុប​បំបាត់​អំពើ​ហិង្សា​លើ​ស្ត្រី​។

តើ​លោក​អ្នក ឬ​ស្ថាប័ន​លោក​អ្នក​អាច​ចូល​រួម​អ្វី​ខ្លះ​ជាមួយ​យើង​ខ្ញុំ ៖

• ផ្ដល់​កិច្ចសហការ​ ដោយ​ផ្ដល់​ជា ព័ត៌មាន របាយការណ៍​សកម្មភាព សេចក្ដី​ជូន​ដំ​ណឹង សេចក្ដី​ប្រកាស​ព័ត៌មាន​ និង​ឯកសារ​​ផ្សព្វផ្សាយ​ផ្សេង​ទៀត អំពី​​សកម្មភាព​​របស់​ស្ថាប័ន​លោក​អ្នក សម្រាប់​ចូលរួម​ក្នុង​យុទ្ធនាការ​១៦​ថ្ងៃ តាម​រយៈ​អ៊ីមែល​មក​កាន់​ k_leakhena@open.org.kh ដើម្បី​ផ្សព្វផ្សាយ​​បន្ត​លើ​វិបផតថល​ស្ដីអំពីស្ត្រី ឬ​លោក​អ្នក​អាច​ផ្សព្វផ្សាយ​ដោយ​ផ្ទាល់​លើ​កំណត់ហេតុបណ្ដាញ http://women.open.or.kh/km/blogនិង​​វេទិកា​លើ​បណ្ដាញ http://women.open.org.kh/km/forum លើ​វិបផតថល​ស្ដីអំពីស្ត្រី។

• ផ្ដល់​ជា​ឯកសារ និង​របាយការណ៍​នៃ​សមិទ្ធផល កន្លង​មក​​របស់​ ស្ថាប័ន​ក្នុង​ការ​ចូលរួម​​បញ្ចប់​អំពើ​ហិង្សា​លើ​ស្ត្រី​ក្នុង​ប្រទេស​ កម្ពុជា (ព័ត៌មាន​ដែល​ថ្មី) តាម​រយៈ​អ៊ីមែល​មក​កាន់​ k_leakhena@open.org.kh ដើម្បី​ផ្សព្វផ្សាយ​​បន្ត​លើ​វិបផតថល​ស្ដីអំពីស្ត្រី ឬ​លោក​អ្នក​អាច​ផ្សព្វផ្សាយ​ដោយ​ផ្ទាល់​លើ​កំណត់ហេតុបណ្ដាញ http://women.open.or.kh/km/blog និង​​វេទិកា​លើ​បណ្ដាញ http://women.open.org.kh/km/forum លើ​វិបផតថល​ស្ដីអំពីស្ត្រី ។

• ផ្ដល់​ជា​ព័ត៌មាន​អំពី​​សេវាកម្ម​​របស់​ស្ថាប័ន​លោក​អ្នក ដែល​បាន​ជួយ​ដល់​ជន​រងគ្រោះ​អំពី​ករណី​​អំពើ​ហិង្សា​លើ​ស្ត្រី​ក្នុង​កំឡុង​ពេល​នៃ​យុទ្ធនាការ​១៦​ថ្ងៃ​នេះ តាម​រយៈ​អ៊ីមែល​មក​កាន់​ k_leakhena@open.org.kh ដើម្បី​ផ្សព្វផ្សាយ​​បន្ត​លើ​វិបផតថល​ស្ដីអំពីស្ត្រី ឬ​លោក​អ្នក​អាច​ផ្សព្វផ្សាយ​ដោយ​ផ្ទាល់​លើ​កំណត់ហេតុបណ្ដាញ http://women.open.or.kh/km/blog និង​​វេទិកា​លើ​បណ្ដាញ http://women.open.org.kh/km/forum លើ​វិបផតថល​ស្ដីអំពីស្ត្រី ឬ​អ៊ីមែល​ទៅ​កាន់​បញ្ជី​សំបុត្រ​រួម gender@lists.open.org.kh​។

• ចូល​រួម​ផ្សព្វផ្សាយ​អំពី​យុទ្ធនាការ ប្រើ​ ICT ដើម្បី​បញ្ចប់​​អំពើ​ហិង្សា​លើ​ស្ត្រី​​ដោយ​ដាក់​និមិត្ត​សញ្ញា​នៃ​ យុទ្ធនាការ​នេះ​លើ​កំណត់ហេតុ​បណ្ដាញ​ផ្ទាល់​ខ្លួន​របស់​អ្នក ក្នុង​កំឡុង​ពេល​នៃ​យុទ្ធនាការ

• ចែក​រំលែក​​អ្វី​ដែល​អ្នក​ដឹង និង​យល់​ ជា​អត្ថបទ សម្លេង ឬ​វីដេអូ អំពី​​អំពើ​ហិង្សា​លើ​ស្ត្រី​​​​ក្នុង​ប្រទេស​កម្ពុជា​លើ​កំណត់ហេតុ​បណ្ដាញ​ផ្ទាល់​ខ្លួន​របស់​អ្នក​ ឬ​ជាមួយ​វិបផតថល​ស្ដីអំពីស្ត្រី http://women.open.org.kh

• ចូលរួម​ជា​បណ្ដាញ ជាមួយ​យើង​ខ្ញុំ​លើ​ facebook: http://facebook.com/CambodiaTbtt និងtwitter: http://twitter.com/CambodiaTBTT ដើម្បី​ទទួល​បាន​ព័ត៌មាន និង​ចែករំលែក​បន្ត​ដល់​បណ្ដាញ​របស់​អ្នក​​អំពី​យុទ្ធនាការ និង​ក្លាយ​ទៅ​ជា​អ្នក​ចូលរួម​សកម្ម​ក្នុង​ការ​លុបបំបាត់​អំពើ​ហិង្សា​លើ​ ស្ត្រី​ក្នុង​ប្រទេស​កម្ពុជា

តើ​ស្ថាប័ន​លោក​អ្នក​ទទួល​បាន​ផល​ប្រយោជន៍​អ្វី​អំពី​កិច្ចសហការ​នេះ?

តាមរយៈ​កិច្ច​សហប្រតិបត្តិការ​នេះ ស្ថាប័ន​លោក​អ្នក​អាច​ទទួល​បាន​នូវ​អត្ថប្រយោជន៍​មួយ​ចំនួន​ ដូចជា៖

• អង្គការ​របស់​លោក​អ្នក​​ ឬ​កំណត់​ហេតុ​បណ្ដាញ​ផ្ទាល់​ខ្លួន​របស់​លោក​អ្នក​នឹង​ត្រូវ​បាន​គេ​ស្គាល់​ច្រើន

• សកម្មភាព​អង្គការ​លោក​អ្នក​នឹង​ត្រូវ​បាន​រំលេច

• សកម្មភាព និង​លទ្ធផល​នៃ​គម្រោង​របស់​ស្ថាប័ន​​លោក​អ្នក​នឹង​ត្រូវ​បាន​ផ្សព្វផ្សាយ​ កាន់​តែ​ទូលាយ​ថែមទៀត​តាម​រយៈ​វិបផតថល​ស្ដីអំពីស្ត្រី

• បង្កើន​កិច្ចសហការ​រវាង​ស្ថាប័ន និង​ស្ថាប័ន រវាង​ស្ថាប័ន​ និង​បុគ្គល​ដែល​ជា​កត្តា​វិជ្ជមាន​សម្រាប់​​ការ​សម្រេច​បាន​នូវ​គោលដៅ​រួម​ ក្នុង​ការ​លើក​កម្ពស់​សិទ្ធិ​ស្ត្រី និង​សមភាព​យេនឌ័រ​ក្នុង​ប្រទេស​កម្ពុជា៕

People are the most elements for each nation and they live under the overlook of their own government which limited their walking path by the law– approved by the legislature in individual nation.  In the democratic countries, people have more freedom to expose their opinion against or suggest to the government system than in the communist countries.

In fact, public opinion also involve with people live if they start to open their view concerning with political, social issues or expressing their own thought.  Moreover, Public opinion plays both in the democratic and non-democratic governments.

Public opinion is shaped both by relatively permanent circumstances and by temporary influences. Among those, there are ideas that characterize the popular culture at a given place with a given time. In the U.S., for example, the youth-oriented culture of the late 20th century affects the attitudes of many people toward aging and the elderly.

Other fairly permanent circumstances– such as race, religion, geographical location, economic status, and educational level– can strongly influence the opinions of an individual or a particular group about many subjects.

Certain temporary factors also affect the public’s attitudes while those are also the impact of current events and the opinions of influential or authoritative persons; the effect of the mass communications media and the concerted campaigns of public relations professionals.

If people are going to live together in society, they must set up certain rules, policies or regulations in order to show that their society have some permanent form. In this way, the society can carry on its life with little conflict or disorder. In a dictatorship, the controls set up are forced on the majority of the people by a small group who control the instruments of power. The people have little or no voice in deciding what kinds of controls are to be used. But in a democracy, the controls rest on the voluntary consent of at least a majority of the members of society.

In many early societies, and in some countries today, leaders have used force or violence to push their people to accept the rules. In some cases, the mere threat of violence is enough. Some leaders have used fraud to deceive the people. To protect their people from fraud, governments have extended laws against this abuse which including unethical practices in medicine, advertising, selling, and other fields.

Cambodia now is one of the countries that follow to the democratic ideology. But it still face a bit problem which in term of economic, culture, environment and especially in political situation during election period. However, this country is more opened to people for expressing their opinion or using their freedom of expression if comparing to other countries that applied communist ideology in this word.

People can change the situation in one country completely when they have a chance to use their power. They can drop their leader from the power while they know that this leader is not suitable to control the country or he does not have enough ability to hold this position. For instance, People Power Movement, four-day protest in 1986 in Manila, forced Philippine president Ferdinand Marcos into exile and ended his 14-year dictatorship of the Republic of the Philippines.

Many factors that affect the position of people will take on any public issue while people’s values and attitudes influence the opinions they hold. Some people are well informed or make an effort to become so, and others make quick judgments based on casual impressions. Some people act quite independently. Yet other people are influenced mainly by the views of their friends and associates. Well-informed people often come from different opinions. They interpret facts differently, or because they have different interests, desires, anxieties, and prejudices.

Some individuals, especially celebrities, frequently have much more influence than others in the process of opinion formation. Such a person often appears to know all the facts and to have an outstanding ability to determine how they should be dealt with.

Thus, this person may boldly and aggressively urge people to support a particular idea or course of action. Leadership may also be taken by unknown or ordinary people who, either as individuals or as small groups, spread their ideas slowly by word of mouth.

In time, they can make a deep impression on the opinion of the masses of people. When the government or the leader see the problem that make the people feel suspect, so the leader can do a forum in public and let people to open their idea to against or pro the government. Further more, people can do a request to invite the leader to clarify his opinion to the public. Opinion leaders are those people who have more than usual influence on the opinions of others. They can be people with whom we have face-to-face contact or people that we see on television or people we read about. They are people we like and trust such as a particular family member, a teacher, a movie star, a rock singer, a newscaster, a politician, etc. These people often play the role of interpreters—explaining what we see or experience. The opinion leaders whom we see face-to-face usually have more of an impact on what we think than those we experience indirectly through television or the print media[1].

Manifestation is the most sign that people can show their power to expose their opinion in the time when the authorities blind and deaf.

One article was brought out in the newspaper that aims to unfurl the reaction of people to protect their advantage. More than 400 villagers interrupted improvement at the market of Angkor Borei town in Takeo province (Cambodia). “ We are not fighting against the renovation of the market, but we are against the work they are doing on the edge of the road  and out side the market’s fence,” said Um Theive, a villager of Angkor Borei district.

The work is making the road narrower and will make it difficult for poor people from remote villages without market stalls to sell their crops, said protester Ngoy Mitmetry. The improvement is needed, Disputed District Governor Chhiev Hou said “Now it is very dirty and there is no sewage system. It is difficult for people to buys good s in it.” Chhiev Hou said villagers will face arrest if they halt the work again. Protesters have field a complaint with human rights organization Adhoc. “We are investigating,”said Men Makara, Adhoc coordinator for Takeo province. “A road is state property, and anyone building on one is violating the law.”[2]

Democracy depends on a balance of power of difference groups rather than upon the power held by one or a few groups. It is the basic that be designed to secure for freedom of citizens in order to know the facts about publics matters, to secure full, free public discussion, and to make public decisions more effectively.

In the United States, a number of such controls exist. For example, the

Constitution provides for a careful system of checks and balances. The president is balanced by Congress and the Supreme Court. Congress is balanced by the president and the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court is balanced by the president and Congress. In addition, the framers of the Constitution realized that further safeguards were needed to protect the individual against any single group that might seize power. The first 10 amendments, known together as the Bill of Rights, were added to the Constitution as a further protection of the opinions, privileges, and opportunities of citizens[3]

Today, the modern of communication makes vast numbers of people aware of controversial issues and common interests; publics tend to be large and impersonal.

The concept of the public opinion also assumes that everyone will have a common understanding of the events or conditions that are being criticized or supported.

People can see the situation in their country differently. Some countries give freedom of expression to people, and let them to spread their opinion or even to judge the government system directly ,but others just give only the word “freedom of  expression “ to people, and in fact, people can not speak freely to against/attack the government while they have noticed some abnormal cases.

Title: People & Politics: An Introduction to American Government.

Page:137

Gregory Publishing

Fifth Edition 1995

[2] The Cambodia Daily newspaper

Saturday and Sunday, July 16-17,2005

Written by : Thet Sambath

[3]Ms. World Book 2004

Search : “People Power and Public Opinion”

ការ​ផ្លាស់​ប្តូរ​អត្តចារិក​នៃ​សេចក្តី​ស្រលាញ់​​គឺ​​មិន​ជា​ខុស​គ្នា​រវាង​ ភេទ​ ប្រុស​ឬ​ក៏​ស្រី​នោះ​ទេ​ហើយ​ក៏​​ប្រ​ហែល​ជា​មិន​អាច​និយាយ​ថា​សេចក្តី​ សេ្នហា​របស់​បុរស​គឺ​ចាប់​ផ្តើម​ពី​កំរិត​ខ្ពស់​បំផុត​​មួយ​រយ​ភាគរយ​មក​ដល់ ចំនុច​​សូន្យ​ភាគ​រយ​នោះ​ដែរ​ ប៉ុន្តែ​កត្តា​នេះ​ក៏​សូម​មិន​បដិសេធ​ឲ្យ​ដាច់​អហង្កា​ថា​វា​មិន​​អាច​​កើត​ ឡើង​នៅ​លើ​វាល​វដ្ដសង្សា​ដ៏​វែង​អន្លាយ​នេះ​នោះ​ទេ។

សេចក្តី​សេ្នហា​​ស្មោះ​ឬ​មិន​ស្មោះ​គឺ​​​​អាស្រ័យ​ទៅ​លើ​ការ​មាន​ សតិសបញ្ញៈ​ ការយល់ចិត្ត ការ​អត់ធ្មត់​ ហើយ​និង​កត្តា​ជា​ច្រើន​ទៀត​ រួម​មាន​ទាំង​​ភាព​ចុះ​សម្រុង​និង​ការ​ផ្តល់​ឱកាស​ទៅវិញ​ទៅមក​។សេច​ក្តី​ ស្នេហា​ដែល​ចាប់​ផ្តើម​ចេញ​ពន្លក​​គឺ​ជា​សេចក្តី​សេ្នហា​ដែល​ភាគី​ទាំង​ សងខាង​មាន​អារម្មណ៏​ហាក់​​ដូច​ជា​ការ​បូជា​នូវ​ភាព​ស្មោះ​របស់​ពួក​គេ​ទៅ​ វិញ​ទៅ​មក​ហើយ​ក្នុង​ដំណាក់​កាល​នេះ​ គឺ​ប្រហែល​ជា​ចំណុច​ដ៏​ពុះ​កញ្ជ្រោល​បំផុត​រវាង​គូ​ស្នេហ៍​ថ្មី​ថ្មោង​។​ ទាំង​នេះ​ចង់​ស​បញ្ជាក់​ថា​កំរិត​នៃ​ក្តី​ស្រលាញ់​អាច​ត្រូវ​បាន​គេ​យល់​ថា​ ឈាន​ដល់​​ចំនុច​កំពូល​ឬ​ក៏​ចំនុច​នៃ​ការ​បូជា​ជីវិត​ឲ្យ​គ្នា​​នៅ​​ក្នុង​ ដំណាក់​កាល​ដំបូងនិង​បន្ត​បន្ទាប់​។​​ ម​នុស្ស​កើត​មក​គឺ​បាន​នាំយក​មក​ជា​ស្រេច​​នូវ​ការ​គិត​ ការ​ពិចារណា​ ការ​វិភាគ​ ហើយ​នឹង​​សេចក្តី​ស្រលាញ់​​ប៉ុន្តែ​គ្រាន់​តែ​កំរិត​នៃ​ការ​ប្រើ​ប្រាស់​នូវ ​អ្វី​ដែល​មាន​គឺ​អាច​នឹង​មិន​ដូចគ្នា​។ពេលខ្លះ​អត្តចារិក​ពី​ធម្មជាតិ​រវាង ​បុរស​និង​ស្ត្រី​ត្រូវ​បាន​កំហិត​ព្រំដែន​នៃ​ការ​បញ្ចេញ​អារម្មណ៍​ដែល​មាន​ ពិត​នៅ​ក្នុង​ខ្ឡួន។

តាម ​តថភាព​ជាក់​ស្តែង​ បុរស​អាច​មាន​ឱ​កាស​បង្ហាញ​នូវ​សេចក្តី​ស្រលាញ់​របស់​ខ្លួន​បាន​ច្រើន​ជាង​ ស្ត្រី​ក្នុង​ខណៈ​ពេល​ដែល​ការ​ឈឺ​ចាប់និង​ការ​សប្បាយ​រីក​រាយ​ក៏អាច​កើត​មាន ​ដំណាល​គ្នា​សម្រាប់​រូប​គេ​ផ្ទាល់​​ដែរ។​ការ​ចាប់​ផ្តើម​នៃ​ពន្លក​ដំបូង​​ គឺ​បុរស​ត្រូវ​ការ​ពេល​វេលា​និង​ឱ​កាស​ជា​ចំបង​សម្រាប់​បង្ហាញ​ថា​តើ​ទំហំ​ នៃ​សេចក្តី​ស្រលាញ់​របស់​ពួក​គេ​គឺ​មាន​កំរិតណា​ប៉ុន្តែ​ពេល​ខ្លះ​សូម្បី​តែ ​​​​ឱកាស​នៃ​ការ​បង្ហាញភាព​ ស្មោះ​ក៏​គ្មាន​ផង។ចំពោះ​ស្ត្រី​គឺ​ប្រហែល​ជា​ពិបាក​បន្តិច​ក្នុង​ការ​ បង្ហាញ​នូវ​ទំហំ​នៃ​សេចក្តី​ស្រលាញ់​របស់​ខ្លួន​ទៅ​កាន់​ភាគី​បុរស​ ដោយ​ម្យ៉ាង​ភាព​អៀន​ប្រៀន​ ម្យ៉ាង​សម្ពាធ​នៃ​ទំនៀម​ទំលាប់​ប្រពៃ​ណី​ហើយ​ម្យ៉ាង​ទៀត​អាច​ថាជា​​ការកំហិត ​ឬ​ទំលាប់ផ្ទាល់​ពី​សង្គម​។​ដោយ​ហេតុនេះ​ទើប​ជា​ទូទៅ​កត្តា​នេះ​​ធ្វើ​ឲ្យ​ ពិបាក​ក្នុងការ​កំណត់​នូវ​ទំហំ(១០០%ឬក៏០%)​​ចំពោះ​​ការ​បូជា​នៃ​សេចក្តី​ ស្រលាញ់​របស់​ពួកគាត់​តាំង​ពីជំហាន​ដំបូង។

ជា​ការ​ពិត​ភេទ​បុរស​ត្រូវ​បាន​គេ​​ទទួល​ស្គាល់​ថា​​ជា​ភេទ​មួយ​ពិត​ជា​ មាន​ ការ​ភិត​ក្បត់​(ឬ​គេ​ហៅ​ថា​លួច​រក​ស៊ី​ក្រៅ​)មាន​​​ ចំនួន​ច្រើន​ជាង​ស្ត្រី​​ក៏​ពិត​មែន​​ ប៉ុន្តែ​ក៏​មិន​មែន​មាន​ន័យ​ថា​បុរស​ទាំង​អស់​សុទ្ធ​តែ​ប្រព្រឹត្ត​ខ្លួន​ របស់​ពួក​គេ​ដូច​គ្នា​នោះ​ដែរ។ដោយ​ពេល​ខ្លះ​​បុរស​មួយ​ចំនួនអាច ​រក្សា​នូវ​ក្តី​ស្រលាញ់​របស់​ពួក​គេ​តាំង​តែ​វិនាទី​ដំបូង​រហូត​ដល់​ អវសាន្ត​នៃ​ពិភព​លោក​ក៏​មាន​។រឿង​រ៉ាវ​ក្នុង​លោក​គឺ​អាច​កើត​មាន​ដោយ​នឹក​ ស្មាន​មិនដល់​។

ភាព ​ស្រលាញ់​របស់​បុរស​មិន​ចាំបាច់​បង្ហាញ​តែ​ការ​រស់​នៅ​ជួប​ជុំ​ក្នុង​នាម​ជា ​ប្តី​ប្រពន្ធ​នោះ​ទេ​ ពេល​ខ្លះ​គេ​អាច​លះ​បង់​នូវ​បេះដូង​នៃសេចក្តី​​ស្រលាញ់​​របស់​ខ្លួន​ដើម្បី​ បំពេញ​នូវ​ការ​គោរព​ចំពោះ​ការ​សំរេច​ចិត្ត​របស់​ភាគី​នារី​។​​កត្តា​នេះ​​ អាច​នាំ​ឲ្យមាន​ការ​វាយ​តំលៃ​ល្អៀងខ្លះពី​​សំណាក់​បជ្ឈដ្ឋាន​ខាង​ក្រៅ​ចំពោះ ​ទង្វើ​របស់​បុរសដែល​ហេតុ​នាំ​ឲ្យ​មាន​ការ​យល់​ឃើញ​ថា​សេចក្តីស្នេហ៍​របស់​ គាត់ចាំ​ផ្តើម​ពី​កំរិត​មួយ​រយ​ទៅ​កាន់​កំរិត​សូន្យ។

ជា​រួម​កំរិត​នៃ​សេចក្តី​ស្រលាញ់​ពិត​ជា​មិន​អាច​វាស់​ស្ទង់​តាម​រយៈភេទ​ នោះ ​ទេ ​ ហើយ​ប្រកដ​ណាស់​មនុស្ស​កើត​មក​មាន​នូវ​ការ​គិត​ ​មាន​នូវ​ការ​សំរេច​ចិត្ត​ ដែល​ពិសេស​ទោះ​បី​ជា​ភេទ​ណា​ក៏​អាច​មាន​ទង្វើ​ខុស​និង​ត្រូវ​ដែរ។​បុរស​អាច​ ក្បត់​ស្រ្តី​ប៉ុន្តែ​ក៏​មិន​អាច​និយាយ​ថា​ស្ត្រី​មិន​អាច​ក្បត់​បុរស​នោះ​ ដែរ។​បុរស​អាច​ធ្វើ​ឲ្យ​ស្ត្រី​ខូច​ចិត្ត​ឬ​ពិបាក​ចិត្ត​ប៉ុន្តែ​ស្ត្រី​ក៏​ អាច​ធ្វើ​បាន​ដូច​គ្នា។​មនុស្ស​គ្រប់​រូប​មាន​នូវ​បេះ​ដូង​ មាន​នូង​ផ្នែក​សប្បាយ​និង​ការ​ឈឺ​ចាប់​ ប៉ុន្តែ​គ្រាន់​តែ​ការ​ដោះ​ស្រាយ​និង​ការ​ប្រឈម​ទៅ​នឹង​បញ្ហា​នោះ​អាច​មាន​ លក្ខណៈ​និង​ទំហំ​​ផ្សេង​គ្នា​ប៉ុណ្ណោះ។

មាន​ចំនុច​ណា​លើស​លស់​សូមេត្តា​ អភ័យទោស

លីនណា

by Chim Linna

In this day and age, the media situation of Cambodia seems rapidly change to more professionally if we compare to the ten years ago. Hence, we have many journalists, who are able to attend the media class or media training course; they start to use those knowledge plus existing experiences to conduct their work in the proper way.

At the same time, some journalists still not clear about their role or what the professional and morality any mean to them yet while they just use the journalist title for money and spoiling the others reputation.

They sometimes write a story without caring the “ethical” issue which is containing deeply in his/her article’s content, and they still keep their style almost to become a habit.

In response to the current situation and other people’s questions,who have raised a concern about the women victims from rape are being victimized by newspaper or the ethical case in media field, I would please to express my young understanding as below.

Some media agencies might set their own policy by only publishing the story with a clear source which includes name, sex, address or other confidential stuffs and they may not accept the anonymity sources. Doing like that, in the story, the journalist and editor genuinely maximize the truthtelling while they show almost everything–the real name with the real pictures and include the real address–to the readers. However, this policy will not be able to apply to all circumstances as law and ethical are walking on the same track at the same time.

Law and Ethical are not the same. If talking about the ethical in journalism, it may focus more on how to make the story more professional and morality. Doing professional, the journalist and editor need to maximize the truthelling and minimizing harm for their story in advance.

In the story that was summarized as an example, the journalist and editor showed the real situation—fact—that reflecting to what is happening increasingly and seriously in the society. And it can alert to the vulnerable people to see of this disgusted case–rape case. Furthermore, it is also able to inform the authorities or government to strengthen the policy for protecting the victims and banning the new case. Unfortunately, this article was written in the case of maximizing harm because the victims may live under the gossip of people while everyone is familiar with her case.

All in all, the article really educates to Cambodian people to be aware of their children even boy and girl, and it is also the crucial message that can tell to the government in order to play more attention to such kind of crime. Now, we may not be able to do a hundred percent judgment whether the writer and editor decided in the right way or not by putting name, address and/ or picture in their article, but somehow, we shall base on the Press Law below:

According to Cambodia law, KRAM DATED SEPTEMBER 1, 1995, ON THE REGIME OF THE PRESS, CHAPTER 2: PRESS RESPONSIBILITY stated that:

Article 15:

Unless there is permission from the court, the press may not publish information, photographs or drawings that may make it possible for the readers to identify and know the name of:

1. parties in any civil suit involving paternity, marriage, divorce or child custody;

2. youth under the age of 18 in any civil or criminal suit; or

3. a woman who is a victim of molestation or rape.

If concerned person or custodian has agreed in writing, the press may publish this information, except only when such publication may effect the investigation of the court.

Any individual whose rights under this article are violated by the press are entitled to file a civil action in court for compensation.